Cryptographic Failures Basics

Cryptographic failures are vulnerabilities that arise from the improper implementation or use of cryptographic algorithms and protocols. These failures can lead to unauthorized access, data breaches, and loss of integrity in systems that rely heavily on security through encryption.

2.1 Encryption vs. Hashing

Encryption transforms data into a secure format, which can be reverted back to its original form using a key. In contrast, hashing creates a fixed-size string from input data, which cannot be reverted back to its original form.

2.2 Cryptographic Keys

Keys are essential for encryption and decryption processes. The strength of a cryptographic system largely depends on the secrecy and complexity of the keys used.

• Weak algorithms (e.g., using outdated algorithms like MD5 or SHA-1)
• Improper key management (e.g., hardcoding keys in source code)
• Insecure transmission of sensitive data over networks
• Failure to use strong cryptographic protocols (e.g., TLS)

4.1 Use Strong Algorithms

Always use current and strong encryption standards, such as AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) for symmetric encryption and RSA or ECC for asymmetric encryption.

4.2 Secure Key Management

Implement best practices for key management, including:

• Store keys securely, separate from the encrypted data.
• Use hardware security modules (HSM) for managing keys.
• Rotate keys regularly and implement key expiration policies.

4.3 Use Secure Protocols

Always use secure protocols for data transmission, such as:

• HTTPS for web traffic.
• SSH for secure shell access.
• VPNs for secure remote access.